Lünen Germany

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Lünen  is just a half hour drive north of Dortmund Germany. My father, 1st Leutenant Arthur Thorspecken in the 75th Infantry Division would have passed just west of this village as the 75th pushed south towards Dortmund.

Lünen was crucial for Germany’s war effort in WWII, supplying coal and steel. The city had steel production, copper refineries, and a large electric power station. Manufactures include machinery, electronic products, cement structures, glass, and shoes.

In Lünen I sketched the Miner’s Housing Museum. The museum is located in the colony of the former Minister Achenbach Coal Mine. The interior rooms are quaintly decorated to recreate what the place might have looked like in the 1920s and 30s, with a tin stove and tea cups on a manicured tablecloth.  The forced laborers would not have had such luxuries.

Lünen, Germany, was a location where forced labor was extensively used during World War II, which was a common practice throughout the Third Reich’s economy. Forced laborers would have had to work deep in the coal mines. Millions of people from across occupied Europe, particularly Eastern Europe, were deported to Germany to work in various industries and agriculture to support the war effort.

The majority of forced laborers were Poles, Slavs, and Soviet prisoners of war, who faced brutal and discriminatory treatment, including inadequate rations, poor sanitation, and constant surveillance. These individuals were forced to work in key war-related industries, such as coal mines (Lünen is in the heart of the Ruhr coal-mining region), steel plants, chemical plants, and armament factories.

Laborers were housed in cramped, unhygienic barracks and often worked to the point of exhaustion or death. The majority of camps in Lünen were civilian forced labor camps, which were widespread across Germany and numbered over 30,000 in total. These typically consisted of basic barracks or converted buildings. The conditions in these camps were generally catastrophic, involving long hours of hard physical labor, minimal food rations, inadequate sanitation, and constant abuse from guards. The Nazi regime implemented a policy of “extermination through labor,” where workers were intentionally worked to death.

Once liberated by the Allies, the Forced Laborers became known as Displaced Persons. It became the allies responsibility to feed and try and return displaced persons back east to their homes. Back in Russia, these displaced persons would be seen as traitors and they would be treated as the enemy.

Numerous German companies profited from this system, including major corporations like Krupp, Thyssen, and Siemens, as well as smaller local firms.

The city faced significant damage from Allied bombings.

On April 7, 1945, a train carrying around 400 German concentration camp prisoners from the Wilhelmshaven satellite camp who were “unable to march” was attacked by Allied bombers at the Lüneburg railway station. At least 256 concentration camp prisoners died in the attack. The survivors were rounded up in a field. The next day, the SS took around 140 of them to Bergen-Belsen. The remaining 60 to 80 prisoners, some of whom were injured, were murdered on 11 April 1945 in in the Tiergarten Forest near Lüneburg by the Wehrmacht soldiers who were guarding them and the single remaining SS officer, Gustav Alfred Jepsen.

Ickern Germany

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n Ickern Germany I decided to sketch former coal miner’s homes. This was the week leading up to Halloween, and I was surprised that Germans celebrate the holiday very much the way we do in America, with commercial inflatables and plastic spiders. The addition of a human wrapped up and hanging upside down was new to me.

A neighbor noticed me sketching, and he had to knock on the front door of the home to let the owner know that his display was being immortalized in a sketch. The owner eventually came out. He explained in German that his wife had created the display and she would be pleased that it was beings sketched.

He asked me about American politics and I apologized saying I didn’t vote for the present administration. He let je know that he liked the hard ball policy on immigration. He explained that Germany has quite a problem with immigrants and he wouldn’t mind ICE taking a few away. We clearly stood on two different sides of the fence. He kept explaining his views but my ability to listed and try and understand had faded.

The XVICorps which included the 75th Infantry Division, attacked to the south to the Ruhr River from its position north o f the Lippe Canal. Troops moved across the Dortmund-Ems Canal which ran parallel to the Rhine River to the west. German opposition consisted of the 116th Panzer Division, composed of the 116th Panzer Grenadier Regiment and the 116th Panzer Reconnaissance Battalion, as well as reported elements of the 180th Division and none other miscellaneous units.

During WWII, Ickern, Germany, near Castrop-Rauxel, was the site of intense fighting in early April 1945 as the U.S. 75th Infantry Division pushed into the Ruhr Pocket, with American soldiers famously painting signs like “You are in Ickern, courtesy of the 289th Infantry. Another sign read, “Roses is Red, Violets is Blue, the 289th took Ickern for you.”

The 75th Infantry Division liberated Ickern on April 4, 1945. Hundreds of Catholic German prisoners attended mass given by Lieutenant Colonel John D. Duggen the 75th Infantry’s Chaplin. This was their first service in 3 years.Along the way the 75th freed thousands of slave laborers and POWs from Nazi camps. 

 

Waltrop Germany: Datteln-Hamm Canal

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In Waltrop Germany, I hiked along the Datteln-Hamm Canal which runs east and west branching off of the Dortmund-Ems Canal. The 75th Infantry Division would have crossed the canal as they moved south towards Dortmund Germany.

The Waltrop Vegetable Growers’ Cooperative established a maternity camp in the sewage fields outside of Waltrop in 1943 on behalf of the National Socialists. During WWII, the Waltrop-Holthausen Maternity Camp, a forced labor facility where hundreds of foreign female workers gave birth, and many of their infants died due to neglect, and starvation, highlighting the brutal Nazi racial policies and treatment of “Untermenschen” (subhumans). These “assembly stations” were set up by the Gestapo to manage births from Eastern European forced laborers, with infants deemed racially “valuable” (blonde/blue-eyed) often given to German parents, while others perished, a grim aspect of Nazi racial ideology.
During World War II, Nazi birthing centers for foreign workers, known as “foreign Children Nurseries“, “Eastern Worker Children Nurseries“), or “Baby Homes” were used as stations for abandoned infants. These Nazi Party facilities established in the heartland of Germany for the so-called ‘troublesome’ babies according to Himler’s decree, were for the offspring born to foreign women and girls servicing the German war economy, including Polish and Eastern European female forced labour. The babies and children, most of them resulting from rape at the place of enslavement, were taken from the mothers en masse between 1943 and 1945. At some locations, up to 90 percent of infants died a torturous death due to calculated neglect. Research indicates that over 500 babies were murdered.
While liberating forced labor camps, the American soldiers were just beginning to learn of the atrocities committed.
During WWII, the Datteln-Hamm Canal, a crucial part of Germany’s inland waterway network, was severely damaged by Allied air attacks as part of the overall strategy to cripple the German transportation of war supplies. Canal walls were breached and bridges destroyed, like those near the Dortmund-Ems Canal junction. These air raids had halted most movement by March 1945. Barges lay fallow in the now empty canals.
Significant repairs were needed post-war to restore navigability. Nuclear power plants and wind turbines also came post war.

Meckinghoven Germany: Henrichenburg Boat Lift

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Germany is just to the south of Datteln Germany. In Meckinhoven Germany I sketched the boat lift. This historic structure would lift barges to a higher level so they could adjust to the changing water levels in the canal. Here the Zweg Canal which runs North West meet up with the Dortmund-Ems Canal which runs east to west.

The historic Henrichenburg Boat Lift on the Dortmund-Ems Canal, is a marvel of engineering that lifted boats up a significant height, it is now a preserved museum piece. The original Henrichenburg lift, opened in 1899, and it used counterweighted troughs to move ships. The lift was operational during World War II, suffering from only minor damage form Allied Bombings. It allowed large cargo barges to navigate the significant height difference (46 feet) on the canal. The lift is now a static monument, while nearby lifts handle current traffic. 

The 75th Infantry Division was heading south west through Meckinghoven towards the large industrial city of Dortmund Germany. Dortmund was considered the Pittsburgh of Germany. If the 75th could push beyond to the Ruhr River, the city would be isolated. In many of the smaller villages in the Ruhr, Allied units made quick headway with little German resistance. Dortmund was different. Besides being a strategically important city because of it’s industry, the citizens were early supporters of Hitler and the Nazi party. As early as 1933, Hitler’s storm troopers marched through the streets of Dortmund, cheered on by crowds of local citizens. Later Hitler announced the end of many of the post WWI agreements at a rally in Dortmund. The population embraced many of his ideals.

In the late 19e0s, the Aplerbeck Hospital in Dortmund transferred mentally and or physically disabled patents, including children from the area to Hadar Mental Hospital. Patients were first killed by backing up a truch and having the carb0n monoxide fumes pumped into the air ducts of the patent rooms. These patients were murdered as part of the Nazi eugenics program implemented by Hitler before the Final Solution, the extermination of Europe’s Jews.

Forced Labor Barracks, Waltrop-Ickern Germany

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In Waltrop-Ickern Germany I sketched a former forced labor barracks. Today this long building is part of a quiet suburb. Fireplace smoke rose from the quiet home on a peaceful morning. During World War II, Krupp industry in nearby Essen Germany tilized POWs and forced labor for their war production, highlighting the reliance on slave labor in the region’s factories.

In August 1944, there were over 7.6 million Fremdarbeiter (foreign workers) officially registered in the “Greater German Reich,” which represented one-fifth of the total German labor force. Of those, 1.9 million were prisoners of war and 5.7 million were civilian forced laborers. Eastern Europeans made up the majority of civilian forced laborers, a term used to describe people who were involuntarily taken from their homes and deported to work in various places throughout the Third Reich during World War II. The labor policy regarding Eastern Europeans was directly related to Nazi racial ideology, which viewed Slavic peoples as Untermenschen, or subhuman.

In the Waltrop-Holthausen maternity confinement camp, specially established for female forced laborers, 1,273 babies were born during World War II. Most of the infants which were taken from the women, died of starvation or inadequate care within their first year of life. The babies were specifically starved to death by the Germans as a form of racial cleansing.

The camp was set up to manage pregnancies among non-German forced laborers (mostly Polish and Soviets) who had been deported to Westphalia to work in local industries and on farms. The system was intended to ensure these women could quickly return to work and to forcibly abort fetuses and guarantee the deaths of “racially undesirable” children within the German population.

The Polish girl Maria Wieclaw is one of the young women deported to Waltrop Germany for forced labor. At the age of twenty she met her future husband and became pregnant. She gave birth to her daughter Valentina in the Waltrop-Holthausen maternity confinement camp. Her baby was immediately taken from her. To this day, Maria Wieclaw still does not know what happened to her daughter.

Some women tried to break into the maternity confinement camp to recover their children, but if caught they would face certain death. Mothers who were deemed unable to return to work quickly after childbirth were often murdered along with their babies. After the war, many survivors were forcibly returned to Eastern Europe and were ostracized as “traitors of the fatherland” and faced continued hardship. 

On April 4, 1945 three American Infantry Divisions advanced south after crossing the Dortmund-Ems Canal. The 291st Infantry Division was on the left, the 289th Infantry Division was on the right and the 116th Infantry Division in the center. They rolled south to crush Waltrop Germany. The 289th pushed forward to seize Ickern Germany. Coal mines factories, and houses needed to be cleared. K-Company of the 289th Infantry Division killed a German platoon when they met them at an underpass of a superhighway.

The canal system was bridged and supplies rolled forward. Tanks moved forward for support and troops climbed aboard jeeps to keep pace with the fast moving column. Although there was some heavy resistance, the Volksstrom or peoples army, often threw ip their hands and dropped their weapons, begging to go home.

The large city of Dortmund Germany lay ahead and it was the task of the 75th Infantry Division to clear the approaches.

Restaurant in Datteln Germany

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On April 4, 1945 the stage was set for an assault crossing of the Dortmind-Ems Canal at Datteln Germany. This would be a tough crossing but important for the advance into the heart of the Ruhr Pocket. Having reached the Dortmund-Ema Canal, the first stage of the Ruhr campaign was complete. The second stage would have the 75th Infantry Division push south, thus dividing the encircled German troops in half.

The attack across the Dortmind-Ems Canal jumped off with the 75th Infantry Division scaling ladders to cross up and over the canal. Bulldozers followed to mound up dirt to create a path for the tanks and tank destroyers. Creating these paths using bulldozers was a slow process since the Vanal was so wide, and the troops had already advanced across the canal and they were without supplies. Cub planes of the division were flown in to the rescue. They landed necessary supples and evacuated the wounded.

The Germans had retreated, however, they left ground mines behind. Martin Freeman Ables and one other soldier were in a Jeep, returning from picking up two wounded men, to take for medical treatment. Leaving the road to go around a tank, they ran over a ground mine and all four men were killed. This happened on April 1, 1945.

Allied air attacks heavily destroyed Datteln’s residential area. The worst attack was on March 9, 1944 by 77 Royal Air Force Halifax Bombers. They destroyed the churches, including St. Amanduskirche, 3 schools, several buildings of the local mine and 12% of the houses. 64% of the remaining homes were gravely damaged. There were a number of dead civilians who were buried in a mass grave. All of the bridges were blown up by Allied troops.

Confluence of the Wesel-Datteln and Dortmund-Ems Canals

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The Wesel-Datteln Canal (Lippe Canal) runs west and east and it joins the Dortmund-Ems Canal which runs north and south. The 75th Infantry Division was moving from west to east following the Wesel-Datteln Canal which is known as the Lippe Canal on the World War II history books I have been referring to. The two canals meet at the city of Dattlen Germany. The troops would have crossed the Lippe Canal to attack Dorsten, Marl and the Die Haard Forest in Germany but they kept moving along the southern bank of the Lippe Canal until they reached this confluence. Every factory, village and crossroad was a potential strongpoint for snipers and anti-tank guns. Each strongpoint had to be reduced. 50 or more bridges had been blown ip by the retreating Germans. American engineers had to repair each bridge to make it passable for huge Quartermaster trucks. Quartermaster (QM) trucks in WWII were the vital supplyline, delivering fuel, ammo, and food to the front lines, often under enemy fire.

The 2nd Battalion of the 75th Infantry Division closed in on Datteln On April 2l 1945. They fought until their ammunition was gone. Germans surrendered in droves. Lieutenant Stephen H. Lax from L-Company reported that, As we closed on the town, two German 40mm guns fired point blank.”

Despite 6 casualties, the 1st and 2nd platoons rushed into the town. Two other platoon were pinned down for over an hour before they could rush in for support. A flushing party scoured the north east section of town for snipers and they rounded up 1200 Germans, all in civilian clothes. The 75th Infantry Division was now 0n the western bank 0f the Dortmund-Ems Canal. which was rhe last water barrier it had to cross in Europe.

Teo days later the stage was set for an assault crossing of the Dortmund-Ems Canal. The 9th and 1st Armies had met ay Lippestadt thus encircling the Germans in the Ruhr. If the Germans learned they were trapped they might try and break through. The area surrounding the 300,000 or so trapped Germans had to be expanded. The push to the west was complete. The next phase would have the 75th Infantry push south to the banks of the Ruhr River and final victory.

Patrols pushed across the Dortmund-Ems Canal to locate possible crossing sights. Staff Sargent Alfred J. William calmly walked to the water’s edge in full view of the Germans on the opposite shore who were sunning themselves. He broke off a branch and stuck it in the water to measure the water’s depth. He then wiped off the stick and repeated the procedure to be sure of his gauge reading. The Germans must have been too surprised to shoot at him.

My father 1st Lieutenant Arthur Thorspecken lead the soldiers of C-Company of the u5th Infantry Division. Solders from C-Company who died at the Dortmund-Ems Canal were…

Private Ernie J. Guiger died at Datteln, Dortmund-Ems Canal

Private Howard Hall, died at Datteln, Dortmund-Ems Canal

Private Chester W. Novinski, age 33, died near the Dortmund-Ems Canal

Private William R. Speaker, died near Dortmund-Ems Canal

Private Clifton H. Veretto, died at Dattelin Dortmund-Ems Cana

Dortmund-Ems Canal

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On April 1, 1945, the  290th infantry Division which includes the 75th Infantry Division attacked with the 289th Infantry Division through the pinned down 8th Armored Group to reach Dortmund-Ems Canal near Datteln Germany. On the same day, the American 9th Army and American 1st Army met at Lippistadt Germany enclosing the Ruhr Pocket. About 350,000 German soldiers were surrounded.

On April 3 to 5, 1945 the canal was crossed as infantry scaled up and over ladders. Bulldozers worked slowly to bridge the canal. Thr 75th Infantry crossed 0n April 4, 1945.

I hiked along a section of the canal that was cut off and isolated from the main canal. That is where I found these Historical Barrier Gates.The barrier gates were needed during World War II because the Royal Air Force kept bombing critical German supply routes. These gates offered quick deployment as a safety measue to prevent catastrophic water loss and flooding from the damaged canal structures. These wartime gates, along with permanent lock gates, protected vital railway tunnels and controlled water flow, making them key tactical elements in canal defense and operation. They are no longer in use today.

This isolated section of the canal was about a quarter mile long. One of the hiking paths was completely covered with bright orange leaves which had dropped off the trees. This isolated section of canal might have been cut off  when the Americans used bulldozers to fill in to create a soil bridge for Infantry and tanks.

The 75th Infantry reinforced the 320th Regiment, and the 35th Infantry Division. Two  slave labor camps were liberated in the area with 3,000 inmates. An estimated 30,000 forced laborers were deployed in the city of Dortmund alone. Dealing with so many displaced persons became a logistical problem.

Cub planes flew supplies over to the far side of the canal and brought back wounded.

My father, 1st Lieutenant Arthur Thorspecken was in charge of C-Company. C-Company soldiers who were killed in action  at the Dortmund-Elms Canal…

Private Howard Hall. Died April 2, 1945. Age 20. From Lynchburg, Moore County Tennessee.

Private First Class Chester W. Novonski, Age 33, Died April 2, 1945. Toward Dortmund-Ems Canal.

Private  William R. Speaker. Toward Dortmund-Ems_ Canal.

Datteln Germany: War Graves

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On April 3, 1945 the 75th Infantry Division was in Datteln Germany.I decided to sketch in a cemetery where German soldiers from World War II were buried. At this location a German gentleman who was walking his dog stopped to chat. He spoke fluent English. He told me about how important coal mining was in the area although all the coal mines are now closed.

He also told me about the canal system which was used to transport coal and other goods. The canals are named with the city on one end of the canal and also the city at the other end of the canal. The history books I have been referring to only gave the canals one city name. I had just picked up a large paper map from a museum several days before. on this night I opened the map and spread it out on a table and used blue colored pencil to boldly indicate where each canal was that the 75th Infantry Division had to cross. Crossings would happen with assault craft of quickly assembled pontoon bridges. Each crossing was dangerous because a snipper on the opposite bank would have a clear shot at the troops struggling to cross. I am certain that my father 1st Lieutenant Arthur Thorspecken would have dreaded each crossing.

During WWII, Datteln, Germany, a crucial canal junction, suffered extensive damage from Allied bombing particularly in March of 1945, which crippled the vital waterway traffic on the Dortmund-Ems Canal system. The town experienced the destruction of historic buildings and significant loss of life. Datteln was captured by Allied forces on April 2, 1945, marking the end of the war in the area. 
Before the war, Datteln had 18 Jewish families, none of whom survived or returned after the war, though descendants are now involved in reconciliation efforts with the town. A few of the jewish children in town were rescued from the Nazis by the American based organization known as the German Jewish Children’s Aid. As boycotts of jewish businesses were beginning in the town, patents had to make the agonizing decision to give up custody of their children and send them to America where they entered the foster care system. About One Thousand Children were ultimately saves. while their parents faced deportation to the concentration camps.

April 2-3, 1945: Oer-Erckinswick Germany

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I decided to focus my attention on coal mines to get a sense of what the Ruhr might have been like back in 1945. The Bergau und Gesichts Museum located at Oer-Erckinswick Germany. This museum seemed to be run by ex-miners. I entered a room full of men who didn’t seem to understand my request  to see the museum. Perhaps it was because my German is so bad. Finally one of the men agreed to give me a tour but the tour wouldn’t start for an hour. I settled in and started to sketch until the tour began.

Museum staff  started to gain interest as they saw my sketch progress. Art is a universal language. Those who were not giving a tour went into back workshops probably to help refurbish displays. The tour did go to areas that were set up like the tunnels deep underground. I used Google translate to try and understand what was being said in German. I suspect the cell connection was lost underground since translating stopped working.

A manakin was dressed as a miner rescue worker. He wore a large solid backpack. The tour guide opened the backpack to reveal a mini bar of liquor bottles. Th guide laughed. The backpack was actually supposed to house oxygen and medical supplies for any injured miners. I vot my one pair of decent hiking pants dirty by kneeling in a mine tunnel. A small family joined the tour and I got to hear the introductions a a second time. One tunnel had a bicycle that was altered so it would ride on a rail. The little boy from the family was encouraged to ride down the tunnel on the bike.

This museum allowed me to experience what it would be like to work deep underground. Forced laborers were used to step up the mining of coal during world War II. Oer-Erkinswick experienced the war’s impact, since the mining town was important in supplying energy for the war effort. The area faced Allied bombing, like Operation Clarion, targeting infrastructure.

On April 2 and 3, 1945. Oer-Eckinswick was a command post for the 75th Infantry Division.  A main intersection in town was called Adolph Hitler Platz. After Hitler committed suicide the intersection was renamed Hunenplatz in late 1945.  After WWII all Nazi street names were abolished.