April 23, 1945: Hemer Germany, Stalag VI-A

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On April 23, 1945, the 290th Infantry Division relieved the 5th Infantry Division, assuming the duties and responsibilities of occupying, administering and policing the large area in and around Iserlohn Germany. The care, feeding and expeditious evacuation of 90,000 Displaced Persons, coming from every one of the countries Germany had conquered, presented difficult problem. The 75th Infantry had limited personnel and transportation facilities.

Hemer Germany was captured on April 14, 1945. While the German commander of the 512th Heavy Panzerjager Battalion was negotiating a surrender, the American Major Thomas Daily learned about the deteriorating conditions in Hemer’s Stalag VI-A, just to the east of Islerohn. He learned that Russian prisoners had escaped and were looting the city. Most of the camp guards had already been disarmed. Daily quickly realized that the starving prisoners could cause chaos. The prisoners had cut their way through the barbed wire fence and were slipping out in small groups. An order was issued to shoot any armed civilians to restore order. American tanks were deployed to surround the POW camp. The prisoners who escaped were forcibly returned to the camp.

The living conditions I the camp were horrific. There were 9000 patients in the camp “hospital”. Typhoid, pneumonia, fever,  tuberculosis and dysentery raged uncontrolled through the camp.  The clothes of the prisoners were only rags. Body lice was everywhere. The sanitary facilities were dirty and completely inadequate. Even after being liberated, there was an average of 100 to 150 deaths a day. Hundreds of bodies lay on the ground. They needed to be loaded onto army trucks and buried in a mass grave site.

The four days before the Americans arrived, there had been noting to eat in the camp at all. Before that, the prisoners had only been given a thin barley soup, with one bowl a day for each Russian and two bowls a day for the other nationalities along with a single loaf of bread between 10 men. Guards had retreated, knowing hat the Americas were coming. All the Russians suffered from malnutrition. The 99 American prisoners had only recently been captured and they were in comparatively good condition.
At 7p.m. an American Kitchen was set up and all available food was distributed. At first warning shots had to be fired with hand guns and light tank guns over the heads of the prisoners to dissolve a riot among the prisoners. None of the Americans knew how to speak Russian. An armored loudspeaker vehicle was found and it was used to calm the excited crowd with translated announcements.

Prior to the war, Hemer had petitioned to become a military location. The mayor felt that this would boost the city’s economy. The city took the financial risk to build modern brick military barracks. The hope was that the construction would catch the eye of the Nazi Party. War broke out before work was finished on the buildings. With Poland invaded, the unfinished barracks immediately became a Prisoner of War Camp. Hemer became the first prisoner of war camp near Dortmund Germany. Large tents had to be brought in since the buildings were still uninhabitable. At first prisoners had to sleep on the bare concrete floor until the rooms could be equipped with 3 tiered crude bunk beds. Barbed write was quickly unrolled around the complex.

Train loads of prisoners kept arriving which lead to constant overcrowding with insufficient sanitation. Vermin spread disease. Once the buildings were completed, the prisoners in the brick buildings, were better off than other Stalag’s which were quickly constructed with Forced Labor out of wood, mud and hate. But with malnutrition, all prisoners were equal.

POWs were used as forced labor. Those who could not work would be returned to the Stalag where they would languish and die. Treatment by the guards was brutal, hitting prisoners with shovels and sticks. In one instance, a sickly prisoners tried to grab a second serving of soup and run away. A guard hit the prisoner in the head with a thick club, which he nicknamed “Bull Penis”, which he kept ready for just such an occasion. The Russian fell to the ground, blood flowed from his mouth, nose and ears. Military camp personnel did not shy away from torment and isolated murders of the prisoners.

April 19, 1945: Iserlohn Germany

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On April 19, 1945, my father, 1st Lieutenant Arthur Thorspecken and his C-Company of the 75th Infantry Division were relieved by elements of the 313th Infantry Division. The 75th was then trucked to several locations in the Ruhr Valley for reassembly, and then sent to Iserlohn Germany. The town east of Iserlohn was Hemer which was the site of Stalag VIA, a large POW Camp. Rather than fighting a battle after the successful capture of the Industrial Ruhr Pocket, the 75th was now tasked with occupation duty.

On the evening of 13 April 1945, the United States Army began bombing the city of Iserlohn Germany. The bombing continued for three days. The bombardment lasted nearly three days but caused only minor damage.

The events of WWII are indelibly etched in the minds of the residents of Iserlohn who lived through the years of the Nazi inhuman racial ideology. The Nazi drive for conquest and annihilation cost countless lives. The exact number of Iserlohn residents who lost their lives due to Nazi doctrine are unknown. Municipal statistics report 776 fallen soldiers and 137 civilians killed by air raids and artillery fire. These numbers do not account for those who died in captivity, nor the number of Jewish residents who were deported from Iserlohn and murdered in concentration camps.

A synagogue was built in Iserlohn in 1829. It was destroyed on the Night of Broken Glass November 9, 1938. The building had to be demolished. The first Jewish deportation began on October 28, 1938. In 1941 the Jewish community that remained was moved to Kluse 18 and deported from there to to the industrial extermination camps of Auschwitz and Theresienstadt Germany.

Because of its metal industry, Iserlohn produced war-relevant products, including brass components, specialized light metal castings for ammunition, and hardware for Stick hand grenades. With every industrial building converted for armaments production. The town was a prime target for Allied bombing.

Iserlohn was therefore a prime target of Allied Air Strikes. The need to take protective measures for the population became apparent by 1943. Construction of the air-raid shelter tunnel under the Supreme City Church began at the end of 1943. This church is an emblem of the city of Iserlohn and also part of its coat of arms. The Supreme City Church in Iserlohn, which dates back to roughly 1350, survived the destruction of World War II.

With an originally planned length of 500 to 550 meters, the air raid shelter was supposed to be able to accommodate up to 6,600 people. By the end of the war, the tunnel had only reached a length of around 200 meters offering refuge for 2,000 residents.
Iserlohn was home to 5 military barracks and other military installations. The old style half-timbered homes were particularly vulnerable to Allied incendiary bombings. The town had 46,000 residents in 1943.

Prisoners of war from Stalag VI-A in Hemer Germany were used for construction. These same workers were not allowed to enter the tunnel during the Allied air raid attacks. Jews were also prohibited from entering the shelter. The Forced Laborers, many of them Russian and Polish, were literally worked to death. The forced laborers were expected to drill and chisel into the rock for 5 meters a week. Drilling operations had to stop due to the appearance of fissures and cracks in the clay. The loose clay and slate offered  unreliable protection against bombings. With only room for one third of the residents, fights broke out for the right to enter the tunnels, resulting in overcrowding.

At midday on April 16, 1945, in Iserlohn, a Jagdtiger Tank Battalion led by Wehrmacht commander Albert Ernst, assembled for its final roll call before surrender to the U.S. 99th Infantry Division. American Major Boyd McCune lead the negotiations, which were eased by the fact that Ernst spoke English   . The Germans lay all their weapons on the pavement of the Iserlohn city market square as the Americans watched.

The air raid shelter construction ended on April 16, 1945 when American forces occupied the city.

April 14, 1945: Wetter Germany

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By mid April, 1945, the Ruhr factories were silenced.  Thousands of German prisoners filled the Allies’ compounds.  Elements of the German army were retreating further east.  Concentration camps were discovered and liberated.  The indescribable conditions at these camps shocked the world.

After the American President, Franklin D. Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945, the final stages of the Ruhr battle were still under way.  Vice President Harry Truman was now Commander in Chief. Wetter Germany is on the Ruhr River. It is southeast of Witten. My father, 1st Lieutenant Arthur Thorspecken, was leading C-Company of the 75th Infantry Division when they captured Wetter on April 13, 1945. There was desperate German resistance since the German troops knew they were surrounded.

When the 75th came into one German town, they found a barbershop where some of the men decided to stop in to get a haircut and shave. One of the soldiers would stand watch over the others while they were getting a clean shave. The soldier, who was standing guard, left his post early when a chair became available, but before someone else could keep guard. The exposed soldiers felt a bit nervous that the German barbers might cut their throats with the straight edge razors and drag them out back with no one the wiser. Thankfully nothing of the sort occurred and the men tipped the barbers VERY well for the services provided.

Most cities seen by C-Company soldiers were completely demolished.  The Allies encountered pockets of German resistance in the drive to the Ruhr industrial complex.  Hundreds of German soldiers were captured daily. Many were teenagers.  Others were much older—in their sixties or more.  These young and old, made up the untrained German people’s army. Conscripted soldiers from occupied nations were glad to be captured. They were aware a prisoner of war of the Allies was assured of food and shelter—much better than being a weary and starving German soldier.

The truck driver of C-Company was busy transporting food and supplies to the liberated forced labor camps.  Those forced laborers were taken to rail stations to be returned to their homelands.  Most did not know if their homes and families survived the war years. Many would find they would be greeted at traitors when they got back to their home country.

As Allied troops, including the 75th Infantry Division, closed in the SS forced thousands of concentration camp prisoners on “evacuation” marches to prevent their liberation, resulting in mass deaths from hunger, exhaustion, and shooting. Despite the war being clearly lost, Nazi officials continued to demand high-speed production of war materials, with prisoners working in subterranean tunnels, factories, and on construction projects. The liberation of these camps was a slow, sometimes violent process. Many survivors were in critical condition, and thousands died even after liberation.

The 1st and 9th Armies split the Ruhr Industrial Pocket in half by April 14, 1945, specifically in the Hagen-Witten area, which is immediately west of Wetter on the Ruhr River. The organized resistance in this specific area collapsed around April 18, 1945, after the pocket was subdivided.

April 14, 1945: Herdecke Germany

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The water supply for Herdecke Germany would be influenced by the Ruhr River and managed by the Ruhrverband corporation. In 1935, during the Nazi era, the organization was brought into line with Nazi ideology and placed under the authority of the Reich Office for Spatial Planning. Key infrastructure, such as the Hengsteysee reservoir, played a role in regional water management, with strict quality standards adhering to German drinking water regulation. The heavy Allied bombing of the city likely damaged the water supply.

Once the 75th Infantry Division captured any German city, they would have to establish water points to purify the water for the troops. The job of purifying water was critical. it was necessary test water being used by the troops and also testing was done on the city civilian water supply.

With the troops living so close to one another, the dangers involved in contracting a germ carried by water could result in catastrophe. Therefore to the men of the water points which were set up for the US Troops during the time spent overseas.
Water point signs were set up in each city leading to the purest water. The signs for the 75th Infantry Division were marked diamond, with an arrow pointing towards the freshwater supply.

On a small scale, American soldiers purified water using portable Halazone chlorine tablets for individual canteens. In this way, each soldier was responsible for purifying his own water supply. Halazone tablets were commonly used during World War II by U.S. soldiers for portable water purification, even being included in accessory packs for C-rations.

Engineer water supply platoons set up purification points near streams or ponds. For these larger scale water supplies, ERDLator Units were used. Technically named the “Water Purification Unit, Van-Type, Body Mounted, Electric Motor Driven unit, these were truck-mounted, van-type devices developed by the Engineer Research and Development Laboratory that performed flocking, filtration, and chlorination on water pumped out of local streams.

A passage from a field engineers manual points out the importance of the purification units: “One of the most important units was the water supply platoon. This platoon operated water purification plants called ERDLalators that could remove silt and suspended matter, filter, and purify even contaminated stream water. Producing from 1-3,000 gallons per day — the larger number was achieved using separate large rubberized settling tanks, one unit could adequately supply an infantry battalion under adverse conditions” Drinking impure water could be deadlier than a machine gun bullet.

What seems to have saved many World War II soldiers from disease was the popularity of coffee. As soon as the line of march stopped for more than a moment, the men would fall out and boil up some coffee.

Purified water is stored in large canvas tanks until forward military units need it. Unit tank trailers and 5 gallon metal storage cans are used to transport the water from the engineers water point to the troops. Every unit of 100 men or less is issued a water sterilizing bag, known as a lister bag. It is usually used to store and distribute water that has already been made fit for drinking. The bag can also be used to purify water when the water truck can not get to the front lines. The bag is made of heady duty canvas and can hold 36 gallons of water. It is hung from a tripod of poles or branches. Calcium hypochlorite was used to chlorinate and purify the water. Orthotolidine was used to test the water to see if it has been adequately chlorinated. A deep yellow color indicated that the water was safe to drink. It too3 0 minutes for the chemicals to kill any germs that were in the water.

These efforts, directed by the Corps of Engineers and Medical Corps, ensured safe drinking water in diverse theaters of operation. It was also used to supply fresh drinking water for the thousands of displaced persons who were released from forced labor camps.

April 14, 1945: Old City, Herdecke Germany

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At the little town of Herdecke Germany, the burgomeister formally declared: “I surrender the town of Herdecke to the Allied Military forces at 1000 April 14, 1945. It is understood that from this time forward, control of Herdecke will be by the Allied forces.”

The surrender was to L-Company of the 289th Infantry Division.

Within several days, First Army units to the south of Herdecke had closed in to the other side of the Ruhr River. The battle was over.

Albert Vögler, a prominent industrialist and Nazi supporter, committed suicide while being led away by American soldiers from his luxurious Hause Ende Ville in north Herdecke. He bit down on a hidden cyanide pill, dying instantly. Despite his death, he was still identified as one of the defendants in the Nuremberg trials of prominent industrialists, which prosecuted the group of businessmen who helped Hitler. The industrialists were tried at Nuremberg, for using slave labor, plundering occupied territories, and aiding the Nazi war machine. Most received prison sentences ranging from 2 to 12 years, though many were released early in the 1950s.

The Nazis initiated a conscious policy of “annihilation through work,” under which certain categories of prisoners were literally worked to death. Camp prisoners were forced to work under conditions that would directly and deliberately lead to illness, injury, and death.

Vögler an important executive in the munitions industry during World War II was an industrialist who financed the Nazis, Vögler was a member of the Circle of Friends of the Economy, which was a of German industrialists whose aim was to strengthen the ties between the Nazi Party and business and industry. As a business man, Vögler feared the rise of communism in Germany. Records of donations from Vögler to the Nazi Party from as early as 1931 exist. Vögler met Adolf Hitler on September 11, 1931. Beginning in 1932, Vögler openly funded the Nazi Party.

Vögler invited Hitler several times to his Haus Ended estate. Hitler did not feel safe at the estate at the beginning of the war, so Vögler spared no expense and effort to develop a huge bunker system and to install extensive security measures for the protection of his villa.

After 1940, Vögler was heavily involved with the manufacture of munitions. The armaments industry used much forced labor as well as slave labor so the costs of manufacturing were minimal. Albert had his fingers in many industrial pies, he was involved with United Steel Works in Düsseldorf as Chairman of the Board,. He was also associated with the German-Luxembourg Mining and Smelting Company and Rhein-Westphalian Coal Syndicate in Essen Germany. In the end his guilt over the blood money he had made resulted in his suicide by cyanide.

April 14, 1945: Herdecke Germany, Ruhr River Viaduct

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The Ruhr River-Viaduct was opened in 1879 as part of the Düsseldorf-Derendorf–Dortmund South Railway, In May 1943, it was damaged by a flood wave following Operation Chastise (Dambusters Raid ). 19 British Lancaster bombers from Royal Air Force 617 Squadron aimed to destroy the Möhne, Eder, and Sorpe dams using “Upkeep” bombs, designed to skip across water and sink against the dam wall. The Möhne and Eder dams were breached, releasing massive floods. The Sorpe dam sustained little damage.

The devastating floodwaters traveled down the Ruhr river, impacting several towns and villages downstream in the Ruhr Valley, including the area surrounding Herdecke Germany, which is situated on the Ruhr between the Sorpe dam and the Rhine. The flood wave swept away a pillar of the viaduct, narrowly missing an approaching train. The destruction caused massive, though temporary, damage to water, power, and industrial infrastructure in the region. Over 1,600 people died in the flooding, a significant portion being allied prisoners of war and forced laborers.

Forced labor was used to reconstruct the arch destroyed in the floodwaters of the Dambusters Raid, but then in 1945, the Wehrmacht demolished two of the Viaduct’s arches to hinder Allied advances.

The three battalions of the 75th Infantry Division continued to press south towards the Ruhr River. Every yard was bitterly contested by the German enemy whose freedom of movement was limited and compressed on all sides. German troops were hopelessly trapped and were being fired upon by artillery from all sides. The American foot troops continued to press forward three abreast. The Germans were attempting to prevent the Americans from capturing a main road that could offer an escape route across the Ruhr River.

The 2nd Battalion found resistance weakening, and they took advantage of this to drive south through to the Ruhr River. E- Company of the 2nd Battalion wrestled their objective from the enemy. My father 1st Lieutenant Arthur Thorspecken was in the 1st Battalion which found it’s sector crumbling and they reached the Ruhr without major difficulty.

The 3rd Battalion encountered stiff resistance from Germans who had entrenched themselves on the opposite slope of a hill slightly north of the river with the intention of defending that high ground at all cost. As elements of the 3rd Battalion advanced toward the hilltop, F-Company of the 289th Infantry Division, pushed through on the enemy right flank, catching the enemy in a deadly cross fire.

The German positions collapsed and the advance continued to Herdecke with the enemy fighting a delaying action as they retreated. An airstrike was made on the town of Herdecke, and the city was offered an opportunity to surrender by L-Company. The offer was accepted and K and L Companies crossed the Ruhr River on the south side of the town.

The 290th Infantry Division was relieved on April 14, 1945 by elements of the 313th and 314th Infantry in what would prove to be the final battle action in the European Campaign.

Witten Germany: Berger Memorial

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The Ruhr River was the final objective of the 75th Infantry Division. When the 75th reached this objective they had split the surrounded German troops in half and finally crushed the Industrial Ruhr Pocket. The Berger Memorial sits high on a hillside overlooking on a particularly beautiful section of the river Ruhr River between Wetter and Witten Germany. The memorial was built between 1902 and 1904 to honor Louis Constanz Berger, (1829-1891), an industrialist and community co-founder. Its construction occurred during a period of industrialization and modernization of the Ruhr region. I imagined that my father 1st Lieutenant Arthur Thorspecken and his C-Company might have come to this overlook to view their final objective. The memorial would have stood at this spot in April of 1945, having been built between 1902 and 1904,

The monument made of Ruhr sandstone commemorates one of the most important Witten entrepreneur and politician of the early industrialization: Louis Berger. In 1854 Berger father founded a cast steel factory in Witten, which, Louis, developed into one of the first large industrial companies in the Ruhr. The quality of Berger’s cast steel was the “basis” of the Prussian needle gun and Krupp’s gun barrels. The needle gun was ahead of its time allowing a trained soldier to fire 12 rounds a minute. Most countries were still using muzzle-loading flintlocks which only allowed a soldier to fire 3 to 4 rounds a minute. Krupp gun barrels, produced by the German industrial giant Friedrich Krupp AG, were known to be of high quality being made of durable steel.

During WWII, the Krupp steel works in Essen, led by Alfried Krupp from 1943, were the cornerstone of the Nazi war machine, producing artillery, tanks, and u-Boats.  Despite massive Allied bombing, the works managed to remain standing until 1945. The firm heavily utilized over 100,000 forced laborers, prisoners of war, and concentration camp inmates in over 80 plants. Alfried Krupp was convicted of crimes against humanity at Nuremberg Germany, sentenced to 12 years, and had his assets confiscated, but he was released in 1951 by the US, and his fortune was restored.

The Berger Memorial seemed like a monument to a corporate entrepreneur and civic minded politician. But the steel he manufactured became the cornerstone to building the German Military war machine in the first and second World Wars. In that sense it is a monument to the senselessness of war.

Witten Germany: Zeche Nachtigal

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After my failed attempt to sketch remnants of a Forced Labor Camp in Witten-Annen Germany, I decided to sketch the Zeche Nachtigal which is now a museum. I figured that the forced laborers who were not working in the Annen Steelworks Factory building weapons, would be at Nachtigal. Nachtigal means nightingale which is a bird known for or its powerful, complex, and beautiful song, which is often heard at night.

I sketched the historic twin engine winding machine. It is roughly the same size as the steam engine used previously in operation starting in 1871. It was used to hoist coal from the Hercules shaft. As the shaft was deepened a stronger winding machine was needed. In 1892 the coal mine shut down due to flooding. The machinery was sold off and soon the site became a brick works. By 1897 the brickwork’s produced up to eleven million bricks annually for the construction of industrial facilities and houses. The history of the brickwork’s jumped from 1897 to 1983. There is no mention of what happened at the brickwork’s during WWII, but it is safe to say the business would have been booming in war time.

Forced laborers were extensively used in German brick factories during WWII, particularly to produce building materials for Nazi construction projects. Concentration camp prisoners and millions of civilians from occupied territories were exploited by German industry to support the war effort, including the production of bricks. With over 200 forced labor camps in Witten it seems very likely that the forced labor would have been used in the Nachtigal brick factory. With the Ruhr area being constantly bombed by the allies there would have been a need of bricks to repair damaged buildings. Young eastern European men were obliged to join the German workforce, but both men and women were forcefully abducted from the streets.

Camp barracks in industrial centers varied in size, but most have been described by former forced laborers as poorly constructed, surrounded with barbed wire, and heavily guarded. The barracks were typically equipped with one small stove, a limited number of washrooms and toilets, mattresses filled with sawdust to make crude beds, and few blankets. Eastern Europeans working in factories, like the brickwork’s, received one cup of coffee or tea, 200-300 grams of bread, and one or two cups of watery cabbage soup per day. These rations, however, largely depended on what food was available, and as the war continued, food rations often decreased.

A sub-camp of the Buchenwald concentration camp was established in Witten on September 16, 1944, utilizing an existing barrack complex built in 1942 near the Dortmund-Witten railway line. The initial transport from Buchenwald Concentration Camp brought 700 male prisoners, primarily political detainees aged 16 to 63 from the Soviet Union, France, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Belgium, and Germany, with about one-third of a subsequent group of 50 arrivals in February 1945 being Polish Jews. These prisoners, housed in wooden barracks with double bunks and minimal facilities, performed grueling 12-hour shifts in Hall 7 of the Steelworks foundry, operating furnaces and machines to produce steel components for naval armor and aircraft, under constant threat of violence from SS guards and kapos.

A Kapo was a Nazi concentration camp prisoner—often a criminal or political prisoner—assigned by the SS to supervise forced labor or carry out administrative tasks, acting as a collaborator in exchange for privileges. They were hated by fellow inmates for their brutality and held authority over them, often enjoying better food and conditions.

The camp, secured by barbed wire and watchtowers, operated until late March 1945, with prisoner numbers fluctuating to around 600 by evacuation due to deaths, escapes, and returns to the main camp; the SS received four Reichsmarks daily per prisoner from the factory.

Conditions in the sub-camp were dire, marked by undernourishment, exposure to cold, disease, and brutal oversight by SS, leading to frequent accidents and illnesses like pulmonary infections. By late March 1945, at least 16 prisoners had died from exhaustion and related causes, with nine Soviet inmates secretly executed by transfer to Buchenwald’s crematorium and over 60 sick individuals returned to the main camp, of whom at least 14 perished shortly after.

On the night of March 29, 1945, the SS evacuated the remaining approximately 600 prisoners on a death march northeast toward Lippstadt Germany, to the west of Dortmund-Witten, during which an unknown number were killed; the survivors were abandoned on April 1 and liberated by advancing U.S. forces, with some succumbing to their ordeals in the following days. Post-liberation investigations in the 1960s and 1970s examined SS crimes at the site but resulted in no convictions. Most Germans kept silent about the crime of forced labor or completely denied it.

Holocaust survivor Irene Weiss put it this way, “The most dangerous animal on earth is man. A man can turn into animal in no time. All he needs is permission. As soon as permission is given from government, it accelerates. Even a hint of permission that it is OK to attack this group or exclude this group, or shame that group. It’s happening, it never stopped.”

Witten-Annen Germany Forced Labor History Lost

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A satellite camp of Buchenwald was established is Annen–Witten. My late night research found a memorial which had some of the foundations of barracks visible and several plaques to memorialize what had happened on the site. By using Google Street View I actually was able to see the memorial right from where I might be able to park the rental car. It was rare for me to actually see my destination so I was excited.

When I got to the location I walked to the spot I had seen the memorial on Google street view. Everything was different. A new business was being erected and I think the foundation of that building covered the foundations of the old barracks. I decided to walk around the block and approach the memorial from another side road. I had no luck, the chaotic construction site blocked any chance of seeing the plaques if they still existed. I was resigned to the fact that they probably no longer were there. I sat on a mound of excavated dirt and started to draw in the direction where the memorial used to be.

Sketching at this site was hellish since huge trucks kept backing into the construction site. I would have to stop sketching and step up over the dirt mound to safety. I helped one driver by using hand signals to show the distance he had before he scrapped the side of his truck into another vehicle. He finally decided it was too tight a turn and he honked his horn until the other drive came out and moved his vehicle.

Millions of people, from concentration camp inmates to civilian workers from abroad and prisoners of war, were forced to work for Nazi Germany during the Second World War. In 1944, a satellite of the Buchenwald concentration camp was even created to accommodate the concentration camp inmates in the Annen Cast Steelworks. Most of the workforce in the town was made up of forced laborers, who were used mainly for the production of weapons. Between 230 and 250 forced labor camps of different sizes were established in the town by 1945. With this memorial bulldozed over, there remains no known traces off the former camps.

On September 17, 1944, the first train for the Annen Cast Steelworks containing 700 prisoners arrived from Buchenwald concentration camp. There is evidence that there were 71 Poles among those camp prisoners whose names are known. The camp was similar to many other satellites of concentration camps with regard to its structure, furnishings and living conditions. It consisted among other things of several barracks to house the prisoners and a muster ground and was surrounded by a double layer of barbed wire to prevent the prisoners from escaping. The furnishings were extremely sparse and were largely limited to two-story bunk beds. In addition, the washroom barracks had not been completed when the first inmates arrived, so that they had to wash in the open air. In Witten-Annen, as elsewhere, forced laborers were subject to violence and harassment from the functionary prisoners and the SS guards and suffered from hunger and disease due to malnutrition, the cold temperatures and inadequate hygiene.

The Annen Cast Steelworks was regarded as the most important industrial operation in Witten-Annen and was one of a total of six factories. It also played a big role in the production of arms during the Second World War. As well as cast steel parts for airplane construction, armor plates for warships and semi-finished products for weapons were produced there. Above all, a large number of low-skilled workers were needed for the armament production operation.

Of the verified fatalities among the forced laborers in Witten, 51 of the victims came from Poland. By the end of the war, approximately 5% of the total number of forced laborers in Witten had died. According to one forced laborer, “it was not the armament production work itself, but the hunger, cold and demeaning repression by overseers, SS men and some of the functionary prisoners that caused the most hardship”. Over 600 people died from their Nazi forced labor.

Locals in 1945 would have known about the forced laborers. “The locals were able to see the camp inmates, many of whom were colleagues, walk the around 600-metre route from the camp (…) to the main entrance of Annen Cast Steelworks. The factory lay in the center of the town district, close to the train station and the market square as well as the Evangelical and Catholic churches, the post office and the local school which were close by. The street where forced laborers were marched to work was lined with restaurants, shops and residential buildings”.

After the end of the Second World War were characterized by a refusal to talk about the Nazi history of the town. During that time, the history of the forced laborers in the town and the satellite concentration camp in Witten-Annen was ignored, and collective amnesia set in. In the 1980s that attitude started to change and the former memorial I was seeking resulted. With Forced Labor barracks foundations paved over, that history was quietly erased once again.

Witten-Düren Germany

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Düren is a quarter in Witten Germany just south of Dortmund. Rather than being a town, it is really just farm land. I parked on the side of a muddy farm road and hiked to a trail. That trail made its way along the edges of farm fields at the edge of the woods. A small stream separated the trail form the fields. I jumped the stream and set up to sketch at the edge of a farmers field. I worked quickly, but as I sketched it started to rain. The drops splattered on the page. A German woman was walking her dog on the trail She waved, but must have thought I was crazy to be sketching in the rain.

In April 1945, the 75th Infantry Division, 3rd Battalion followed the 2nd Battalion and then passed through them to attack and capture Düren Germany. With Düren secured they pressed forward and took Stockum Germany.

In the town of Witten, up to 25,000 people from different countries, including several hundred Poles, were forced to work for Nazi regime during the Second World War. The majority of the workforce in the town was made up of forced laborers, who were used mainly to produce weapons. In 1944, a satellite of the Buchenwald concentration camp was even created to accommodate the concentration camp inmates in the Annen Cast Steelworks.

During the WWII, there were a total of around 24,900 forced laborers from all the occupied territories in the area now covered by the town of Witten. On average, they worked for approximately 15 months in the town, and made up the majority of the workforce there. At the beginning of 1945, for example, the forced laborers constituted about 55 % of the total workforce in Witten. The different areas of work that they performed meant that large-scale forced labor camps were needed. As a result, it is thought that between 230 and 250 forced labor camps of different sizes were established in the town during that period.

“It was a beautiful afternoon the day we left Krakow. Our homeland, abused by the occupation, said goodbye to us with a sunny day. The monotonous clatter of the train wheels painfully reminded us that it was taking us away as slaves.”
– Maria Hosajowa, a former Polish forced laborer.

U.S. 75th Infantry Division liberated thousands of forced laborers and Prisoners of War (POWs) from Nazi camps, in the Ruhr Pocket region. Once liberated the infantry had to feed and house the displaced persons and find a way to get them back to their home countries. It was a task they were ill-prepared to carry out. Once liberated, forced laborers looted to began to find the basics for survival and decent clothing, Displaced persons consulted bulletin boards hoping to find out about transportation home. Hitch hiking wasn’t effective in war time. To survive you needed to carry all your belongings.